Diagnostic experiments for transport mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant–Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

高温高压下水流体pH值测量

高温高压下水流体的pH值是影响矿物-水流体相互作用平衡和动力学过程的一个重要参数。确定高温高压流体pH的方法主要包括电位势测量、化学分析与热力学计算及电导率方法。电位势测量在化学领域应用广泛,也被用来测量了洋中脊的热液流体的pH值。人们尝试了各种形式的电极,如氢电极、钯氢化物电极、金属-金属氧化物电极和钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)电极。玻璃电极只取得了有限的成果,通常用来测量常温及低温下的流体的pH值。对金属-金属氧化物电极在较宽的温度范围内进行了研究,但它需要利用合适的参比溶液来校正,与玻璃电极一样都表现出较大的偏移和误差以及不可回测性。陶瓷薄膜电极,如钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)电极,为测量相对较高温度下的pH值提供了一个可靠的方法。利用高温淬火水的化学分析和常温下的pH的测量,通过求解络合反应质量平衡与所有组分质量平衡的联立方程,来计算指定温度压力下pH值和水溶液种类的分布,是获得高温pH值的另一个重要而常用的方法,但热力学数据中的数值误差和不确定性以及分析误差能够影响计算出的高温溶液的pH值的精度。对高温高压超临界水流体的电导测量已经取得很大的成就,它被用来作为确定溶液内部离子反应平衡常数的一种最常用的方法,通过获得的这些反应的平衡常数,就可以得到在高温高压下流体的就位物质组成,这个方法可以测量更高温度压力下流体的pH值。     

基于电子地图的GPS车辆导航系统研究

从电子地图具有的优点出发,结合GPS技术,简单地介绍了车辆导航系统应用于交通管理中的几种模式;在车辆导航和信息系统结合的原理上系统地论述了GPS和GIS结合,通过地图匹配技术实现GPS车辆导航系统的方法。     

System structure and calibration models of intelligent photogrammetron

This paper describes the structure, geometric model and geometric calibration of Photogrammetron I—the first type of photogrammetron which is designed to be a coherent stereo photogrammetric system in which two cameras are mounted on a physical base but driven by an intelligent agent architecture. The system calibration is divided into two parts: the in-lab calibration determines the fixed parameters in advance of system operation, and the in-situ calibration keeps tracking the free parameters in real-time during the system operation. In a video surveillance set-up, prepared control points are tracked in stereo image sequences, so that the free parameters of the system can be continuously updated through iterative bundle adjustment and Kalman filtering.     

The effect of chemical composition and oxygen fugacity on the electrical conductivity of dry and hydrous garnet at high temperatures and pressures

The in situ electrical conductivity of hydrous garnet samples (Py₂₀Alm₇₆Grs₄–Py₇₃Alm₁₄Grs₁₃) was determined at pressures of 1.0–4.0 GPa and temperatures of 873–1273 K in the YJ-3000t apparatus using a Solartron-1260 impedance/gain-phase analyzer for various chemical compositions and oxygen fugacities. The oxygen fugacity was controlled by five solid-state oxygen buffers (Fe₂O₃ + Fe₃O₄, Ni + NiO, Fe + Fe₃O₄, Fe + FeO, and Mo + MoO₂). Experimental results indicate that within a frequency range from 10⁻² to 10⁶ Hz, electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on signal frequency. Electrical conductivity shows an Arrhenius increase with temperature. At 2.0 GPa, the electrical conductivity of anhydrous garnet single crystals with various chemical compositions (Py₂₀Alm₇₆Grs₄, Py₃₀Alm₆₇Grs₃, Py₅₆Alm₄₃Grs₁, and Py₇₃Alm₁₄Grs₁₃) decreases with increasing pyrope component (Py). With increasing oxygen fugacity, the electrical conductivity of dry Py₇₃Alm₁₄Grs₁₃ garnet single crystal shows an increase, whereas that of a hydrous sample with 465 ppm water shows a decrease, both following a power law (exponents of 0.061 and −0.071, respectively). With increasing pressure, the electrical conductivity of this hydrous garnet increases, along with the pre-exponential factors, and the activation energy and activation volume of hydrous samples are 0.7731 ± 0.0041 eV and −1.4 ± 0.15 cm³/mol, respectively. The results show that small hopping polarons ( \textFe_\textMg ^· ) \left( {{\text{Fe}}_{\text{Mg}}^{ \cdot } } \right) and protons ( \textH ^· {\text{H}}^{ \cdot } ) are the dominant conduction mechanisms for dry and wet garnet single crystals, respectively. Based on these results and the effective medium theory, we established the electrical conductivity of an eclogite model with different mineral contents at high temperatures and high pressures, thereby providing constraints on the inversion of field magnetotelluric sounding results in future studies.     

Identifying the Sources of Solutes in Karst Groundwater in Chongqing,China: a Combined Sulfate and Strontium Isotope Approach

Groundwater from karst subterranean streams is among the world’s most important sources of drinking water supplies, and the hydrochemical characteristics of karst water are impacted by both natural environment and people. Therefore, the study of hydrochemistry and its solutes’ sources is very important to ensure the normal function of life support systems. In this paper, thirty?five representative karst groundwater samples were collected from different aquifers (limestone and dolomite) and various land use types in Chongqing to trace the sources of solutes and relative hydrochemical processes. Hydrogeochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca?HCO3 type or Ca (Mg)?HCO3 type. However, some hydrochemical types of karst groundwater were the K+Na+Ca?SO4 type (G25 site) or Ca?HCO3+SO4 type (G26 and G14 site), indicating that the hydrochemistry of these sites might be strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities or unique geological characteristics. The dissolved Sr concentrations of the studied groundwater ranged from 0.57 to 15.06 μmmol/L, and the 87Sr/86Sr varied from 0.70751 to 0.71627. The δ34S?SO42? fell into a range of ?6.8‰?21.5‰, with a mean value of 5.6‰. The variations of both 87Sr/86Sr and Sr values of the groundwater samples indicated that the Sr element was controlled by the weathering of limestone, dolomite and silicate rock. However, the figure of 87Sr/86Sr vs. Sr2+/[K++Na+] showed that the anthropogenic inputs also obviously contributed to the Sr contents. For tracing the detailed anthropogenic effects, we traced the sources of solutes collected karst groundwater samples in Chongqing according to the δ34S value of potential sulfate sources. The variations of both δ34S and 1/SO42? values of the groundwater samples indicated that the atmospheric acid deposition (AAD), dissolution of gypsum (GD), oxidation of sul?de mineral (OS) or anthropogenic inputs (SF: sewage or fertilizer) have contributed to solutes in karst groundwater. The influence of oxidation of sul?de mineral, atmospheric acid deposit and anthropogenic inputs to groundwater in Chongqing karst areas was much widespread.     

利用量化质量图和优先队列的快速相位解缠算法

提出了一种量化质量引导的快速相位解缠算法。在质量图中采用整数表示相应相位点的质量,引入由静态数组和双链表组成的优先队列,建立相位质量与静态数组下标的对应关系,利用双链表保存具有相同质量值的相位点,保证了所有相位点按照质量值的非递减顺序排列,极大地提高了传统质量引导相位解缠算法的效率。对InSAR和仿真InSAS数据的实验证明了该算法的高效性。     

Coherent structures and flux contribution over an inhomogeneously irrigated cotton field

The turbulence data measured at two levels (i.e., 8.7 and 2.7?m) in the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX), which was conducted in San Joaquin Valley in California during the period from July 20 to August 24, 2000, are used to study the characteristics of coherent structures over an irrigated cotton field. Patch-to-patch irrigation in the field generated the dry-to-wet horizontal advection and the oasis effects, leading to the development of a stably internal boundary layer (SIBL) in the late mornings or the early afternoons. The SIBL persisted in the rest of the afternoons. Under this circumstance, a near-neutral atmospheric surface layer (ASL) developed during the period with a stratification transition from the unstable to stable conditions during the daytime. Therefore, EBEX provides us with unique datasets to investigate the features of coherent structures that were generated over the patches upstream and passed by our site in the unstable ASL, the near-neutral ASL, and the SIBL. We use an objective detection technique and the conditional average method that is developed based on the wavelet analysis. Our data reveal some consistencies and inconsistencies in the characteristics of coherent structures as compared with previous studies. Ramp-like structures and sweep?Cejection cycles under the daytime SIBL have similar patterns to those under the nocturnal stable ASL. However, some features (i.e., intermittence) are different from those under the nocturnal stable ASL. Under the three stratifications, thermal and mechanical factors in the ASL perform differently in affecting the ramp intensity for different quantities (i.e., velocity components, temperature, and specific humidity), leading to coherent structures that modulate turbulence flow and alter turbulent transfer differently. It is also found that coherent structures contribute about 10?C20% to the total fluxes in our case with different flux contributions under three stratifications and with higher transporting efficiency in sensible heat flux than latent heat and momentum fluxes.     

地球内部物质电学性质原位测量的影响因素和导电机制——以地壳矿物为例

高温高压下矿物岩石电导率的实验研究数据,不仅是人们了解地球内部物质组成及其演化过程的重要窗口,而且可以为野外大地电磁测深和地磁测深反演提供重要约束.重点介绍了温度、压力、水含量、铁含量、氧逸度、熔融等矿物岩石电导率的影响因素,深入阐述了存在于矿物岩石的4种主要导电机制,即离子、质子、小极化子和大极化子.回顾近年来地壳主要造岩矿物(长石、石英和辉石)的电导率实验研究取得的新成果,讨论了它们的导电机制和地球物理意义,并对其目前存在的问题及尚需进一步展开的工作进行了探讨.